science education teaching

Physics Program DRAFT Moving About – Overview Topic: Moving About Year: Preliminary Context: Vehicles Preliminary Topic 1 PFA: Nature & Practice (P2), Society & Environment (P4) Knowledge: Kinetics & Dynamics (P6), Energy (P7) Values: P16 Skills: Moving About – Assumed Knowledge Preliminary Topic 1 • 5.6.2a Describe qualitatively the relationship between force, mass and acceleration. • 5.6.2b Explain qualitatively the relationship between distance, speed and time. • 5.6.2c Relate qualitatively acceleration to change in speed and/or direction as a result of a net force. • 5.6.2d Analyse qualitatively common situations involving motion in terms of Newton’s Laws. RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program DRAFT Moving About – Concept Map Preliminary Topic 1 RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program DRAFT Moving About – Outcomes Preliminary Topic 1 Focus Point 1 Theory 1.1 Vehicles do not typically travel at a constant speed  Identify that a typical journey involves speed changes Distinguish between the instantaneous and average speed of vehicles and other bodies Plan, choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to measure the average speed of an object or a vehicle Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations Compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity Define average velocity as: Theory 1.2   Prac 1 Theory 1.3  Theory 1.4   Theory 1.5 vav =  ∆r ∆t Solve problems and analyse information using the formula: Prac 2 vav = ∆r ∆t Where r = displacement  Prac 3 Present information graphically of: − Displacement vs. time − velocity vs. time For objects with uniform and non-uniform linear velocity RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program DRAFT Focus Point 2 Theory 2.1 Theory 2.2 An analysis of the external forces on vehicles helps to understand the effects of acceleration and deceleration   Describe the motion of one body relative to another Identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist solving problems Explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object Describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow down Analyse the effects of external forces operating on a vehicle Gather first-hand information about different situations where acceleration is positive or negative Describe the typical effects of external forces on bodies including: − Friction between surfaces − Air resistance  Define average acceleration as: Theory 2.3  Theory 2.4  Prac 4  Prac 5   Theory 2.5 aav = Theory 2.6 ∆ v ∆ t therefore aav =  v −u t Solve problems using vector diagrams to determine resultant velocity, acceleration and force Prac 6  Prac 7  Plan, choose equipment or resources and perform first-hand investigations to gather data and use available evidence to show the relationship between force, mass and acceleration using suitable apparatus RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program DRAFT Theory 2.7  define the terms ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ with reference to the effects of gravity Outline the forces involved in causing a change in the velocity of a vehicle when: − Coasting with no pressure on the accelerator  Theory 2.8 − Pressing on the accelerator − Pressing on the brakes − Passing over an icy patch on the road − Climbing and descending hills − Following a curve in the road  Interpret Newton’s Second Law of Motion and relate it to the equation: Theory 2.9 ∑ F = ma  Plan, choose equipment or resources and perform first-hand investigations to gather data and use available evidence to show the relationship between force, mass and acceleration using suitable apparatus Solve problems and analyse information using: Prac 8  Prac 9 ∑ F = ma for a range of situations involving modes of transport  Identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application of that net force in terms of Newton’s Second Law of Motion Theory 2.10  Prac 10 Solve problems and analyse information involving F= mv2 r for vehicles travelling around curves RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program DRAFT Focus Point 3 Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an important aspect in understanding motion  Identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can increase that energy Describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions Define the law of conservation of energy Solve problems and analyse information to determine the kinetic energy of a vehicle and the work done using the formulae: Theory 3.1 Theory 3.2 Theory 3.3    Prac 11 1 Ek = mv 2 2 and W=Fs  Prac 12 Analyse information to trace the energy transfers and transformation in collisions leading to irreversible distortions RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program DRAFT Focus Point 4 Change of momentum relates to the forces acting on the vehicle or the driver  Define momentum as: Theory 4.1 p = mv Theory 4.2  Define impulse as the product of force and time Prac 13  Solve problems and analyse secondary data using: p = mv and Impulse = Ft Theory 4.3  Explain why momentum is conserved in collisions in terms of Newton’s Third Law of motion Perform first-hand investigations to gather data and analyse the change in momentum during collisions Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the collision of a moving vehicle with: − A stationary vehicle Prac 14   Prac 15 − An immoveable object − Another vehicle moving in the opposite direction − Another vehicle moving in the same direction RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program DRAFT Focus Point 5 Safety devices are utilised to reduce the effects of changing momentum  Define the inertia of a vehicle as its tendency to remain in uniform motion or at rest Discuss reasons why Newton’s First Law of Motion is not apparent in many real world situations Gather and process first-hand data and/or secondary information to analyse the potential danger presented by loose objects in a vehicle Theory 5.1 Theory 5.2   Prac 16  Theory 5.3 Assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air bags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles Identify data sources, gather, process, analyse, present secondary information and use the available evidence to assess benefits of technologies for avoiding or reducing the effect of a collision Theory 5.4   Prac 17 RL, CH 16/07/2008 Physics Program 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RL, CH 16/07/2008